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2026-04-13
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目录

ION System Heap 与 CMA Heap 深度解析
1. 两种 Heap 解决什么问题
2. System Heap 详解
2.1 数据结构
2.2 GFP 标志策略
2.3 分配算法:多阶贪心
分配示例
2.4 Page Pool 交互
2.5 释放流程
2.6 Shrink 机制
2.7 System Contig Heap
3. CMA Heap 详解
3.1 数据结构
3.2 分配算法
3.3 清零的 highmem/lowmem 分支
3.4 释放
3.5 Heap 注册:自动发现所有 CMA 区域
3.6 ops 对比
4. 完整对比
5. 示例程序
总结
参考资料

ION System Heap 与 CMA Heap 深度解析

基于 Linux Kernel v5.4.123 | 源码:drivers/staging/android/ion/ion_system_heap.cion_cma_heap.c

ION 框架通过 ion_heap_ops 虚函数表将分配策略核心框架解耦。本文聚焦两种最重要的堆实现:System Heap(Android 上最常用)和 CMA Heap(物理连续分配),深入对比它们的设计哲学、分配算法、释放机制和适用场景。


1. 两种 Heap 解决什么问题

需求System HeapCMA Heap
GPU 纹理、Camera 预览帧适合(GPU 支持 scatter-gather DMA)可用但浪费
不支持 SG-DMA 的简单设备不适合(内存不连续)适合(物理连续)
大 buffer(几十 MB)适合(不要求连续,碎片化下也能成功)可能失败(需要大块连续区域)
分配频率高(每帧分配/释放)适合(page pool 加速)不适合(无缓存,CMA 开销大)

核心区别:System Heap 分配的内存物理上可以散布,CMA Heap 分配的内存物理上必须连续。


2. System Heap 详解

2.1 数据结构

c
// ion_system_heap.c:42 struct ion_system_heap { struct ion_heap heap; // 嵌入基类(C 语言继承) struct ion_page_pool *pools[NUM_ORDERS]; // 3 个 page pool }; static const unsigned int orders[] = {8, 4, 0}; // orders[0] = 8 → 2^8 = 256 页 = 1MB // orders[1] = 4 → 2^4 = 16 页 = 64KB // orders[2] = 0 → 2^0 = 1 页 = 4KB
ion_system_heap │ ├── heap (ion_heap 基类) │ ├── ops = &system_heap_ops │ ├── type = ION_HEAP_TYPE_SYSTEM │ ├── flags = ION_HEAP_FLAG_DEFER_FREE │ ├── shrinker (已注册) │ ├── free_list (deferred free 队列) │ └── task (deferred free kthread) │ └── pools[3] ├── [0] → ion_page_pool { order=8, gfp=HIGH_ORDER_FLAGS } ├── [1] → ion_page_pool { order=4, gfp=HIGH_ORDER_FLAGS } └── [2] → ion_page_pool { order=0, gfp=LOW_ORDER_FLAGS }

2.2 GFP 标志策略

c
// 高阶(order > 4):快速失败,不回收不等待不重试 static gfp_t high_order_gfp_flags = (GFP_HIGHUSER | __GFP_ZERO | __GFP_NOWARN | __GFP_NORETRY) & ~__GFP_RECLAIM; // 低阶(order <= 4):允许回收和等待,必须成功 static gfp_t low_order_gfp_flags = GFP_HIGHUSER | __GFP_ZERO;
标志含义为什么
GFP_HIGHUSER可用 highmem,用户态可访问ION buffer 主要给用户态和设备用
__GFP_ZERO分配后清零安全性,防止信息泄漏
__GFP_NOWARN失败不打内核警告高阶失败是正常的,不要刷日志
__GFP_NORETRY不重试高阶失败直接 fallback 到低阶
~__GFP_RECLAIM不触发内存回收高阶分配不值得等待回收

设计意图: 高阶大页能拿到最好,拿不到立刻降级,不让分配路径卡在内存回收上。低阶(4KB)是兜底,允许等待以保证成功。

2.3 分配算法:多阶贪心

c
// ion_system_heap.c:97 static int ion_system_heap_allocate(struct ion_heap *heap, struct ion_buffer *buffer, unsigned long size, unsigned long flags) { // 安全检查:不能超过系统总内存一半 if (size / PAGE_SIZE > totalram_pages() / 2) return -ENOMEM; INIT_LIST_HEAD(&pages); while (size_remaining > 0) { // 贪心:从当前 max_order 开始,尝试最大可用的 order page = alloc_largest_available(sys_heap, buffer, size_remaining, max_order); if (!page) goto free_pages; list_add_tail(&page->lru, &pages); size_remaining -= page_size(page); max_order = compound_order(page); // 降序约束 i++; } // 构建 sg_table sg_alloc_table(table, i, GFP_KERNEL); list_for_each_entry_safe(page, tmp_page, &pages, lru) { sg_set_page(sg, page, page_size(page), 0); sg = sg_next(sg); } buffer->sg_table = table; }

alloc_largest_available 的选择逻辑:

c
static struct page *alloc_largest_available(heap, buffer, size, max_order) { for (i = 0; i < NUM_ORDERS; i++) { if (size < order_to_size(orders[i])) // 剩余量不够这个 order continue; if (max_order < orders[i]) // 不能超过上一次的 order continue; page = alloc_buffer_page(heap, buffer, orders[i]); // 先查 pool if (!page) continue; return page; } return NULL; }

max_order 降序约束是一个重要细节:一旦某个 order 分配成功,后续只能分配同等或更小的 order。这避免了 [order0, order8, order0, order8, ...] 的乒乓现象,让 sg_table 的 entry 有序排列。

分配示例

分配 3.1MB (3,245,056 bytes) 的过程:

size_remaining = 3.1MB, max_order = 8 (初始) 轮次1: orders 扫描 order=8 (1MB) ← size=3.1MB ≥ 1MB, max=8 ≥ 8 → pool_alloc(order=8) ✓ size_remaining = 2.1MB, max_order = 8 轮次2: order=8 (1MB) ← size=2.1MB ≥ 1MB, max=8 ≥ 8 → pool_alloc(order=8) ✓ size_remaining = 1.1MB, max_order = 8 轮次3: order=8 (1MB) ← size=1.1MB ≥ 1MB, max=8 ≥ 8 → pool_alloc(order=8) ✓ size_remaining = 0.1MB (102,400), max_order = 8 轮次4: order=8 (1MB) ← size=100KB < 1MB → 跳过 order=4 (64KB) ← size=100KB ≥ 64KB, max=8 ≥ 4 → pool_alloc(order=4) ✓ size_remaining = 36,864, max_order = 4 轮次5: order=8 → 跳过 (size 不够) order=4 (64KB) ← size=36KB < 64KB → 跳过 order=0 (4KB) ← size=36KB ≥ 4KB, max=4 ≥ 0 → pool_alloc(order=0) ✓ size_remaining = 32,768, max_order = 0 轮次6-14: 继续 order=0,每次 4KB ... 8 次 order=0 分配 结果 sg_table: sg[0]: order=8, 1MB ─┐ sg[1]: order=8, 1MB │ 大块在前 sg[2]: order=8, 1MB ─┘ sg[3]: order=4, 64KB sg[4-12]: order=0, 4KB × 9 共 13 个 sg entries,物理上散布在内存各处

2.4 Page Pool 交互

分配时先查 pool,释放时放回 pool:

分配路径: alloc_buffer_page(heap, buffer, order) └── ion_page_pool_alloc(pool) ├── pool 有缓存 → 取出 (O(1)) └── pool 空 → alloc_pages(gfp, order) // 走 buddy 释放路径: free_buffer_page(heap, buffer, page) ├── SHRINKER_FREE 标志?→ __free_pages() // 直接还系统 └── 否 → ion_page_pool_free(pool, page) // 放回 pool
c
// ion_system_heap.c:56 static void free_buffer_page(struct ion_system_heap *heap, struct ion_buffer *buffer, struct page *page) { unsigned int order = compound_order(page); if (buffer->private_flags & ION_PRIV_FLAG_SHRINKER_FREE) { __free_pages(page, order); // shrinker 触发:必须真正释放 return; } pool = heap->pools[order_to_index(order)]; ion_page_pool_free(pool, page); // 正常释放:放回 pool 缓存 }

2.5 释放流程

c
// ion_system_heap.c:152 static void ion_system_heap_free(struct ion_buffer *buffer) { // 1. 清零(安全性)—— shrinker 路径跳过 if (!(buffer->private_flags & ION_PRIV_FLAG_SHRINKER_FREE)) ion_heap_buffer_zero(buffer); // 2. 每个 sg entry 的 page 放回 pool 或直接释放 for_each_sg(table->sgl, sg, table->nents, i) free_buffer_page(sys_heap, buffer, sg_page(sg)); // 3. 释放 sg_table 元数据 sg_free_table(table); kfree(table); }

但用户不会直接调到这里。完整的释放链路:

close(dma_buf_fd) → dma_buf refcount = 0 → ion_dma_buf_release() → _ion_buffer_destroy() │ ├── DEFER_FREE (System Heap 默认开启) │ → ion_heap_freelist_add() // 加入 freelist,立即返回 │ → 后台 kthread 异步调用: │ ion_buffer_destroy() │ → ion_system_heap_free() // zero + 放回 pool │ └── 无 DEFER_FREE → ion_buffer_destroy() → ion_system_heap_free() // 同步执行

2.6 Shrink 机制

c
// ion_system_heap.c:171 static int ion_system_heap_shrink(struct ion_heap *heap, gfp_t gfp_mask, int nr_to_scan) { if (!nr_to_scan) only_scan = 1; // 只统计 for (i = 0; i < NUM_ORDERS; i++) { pool = sys_heap->pools[i]; if (only_scan) { nr_total += ion_page_pool_shrink(pool, gfp_mask, 0); } else { nr_freed = ion_page_pool_shrink(pool, gfp_mask, nr_to_scan); nr_to_scan -= nr_freed; nr_total += nr_freed; if (nr_to_scan <= 0) break; // 够了就停 } } return nr_total; }

按 order 从高到低回收:先回收 order=8(每释放一个就归还 256 页),效率最高。

2.7 System Contig Heap

同文件中还实现了 ION_HEAP_TYPE_SYSTEM_CONTIG,是 System Heap 的简化变体:

c
static int ion_system_contig_heap_allocate(heap, buffer, len, flags) { int order = get_order(len); page = alloc_pages(low_order_gfp_flags | __GFP_NOWARN, order); split_page(page, order); // 释放 order 对齐多出的页面 for (i = len >> PAGE_SHIFT; i < (1 << order); i++) __free_page(page + i); // sg_table 只有 1 个 entry sg_set_page(table->sgl, page, len, 0); buffer->sg_table = table; }
对比System HeapSystem Contig Heap
物理连续不保证保证
Page Pool
Deferred Free
Shrinker
释放前清零
sg entries多个1 个
大 buffer容易成功容易失败(碎片化)

3. CMA Heap 详解

3.1 数据结构

c
// ion_cma_heap.c:19 struct ion_cma_heap { struct ion_heap heap; // 嵌入基类 struct cma *cma; // 指向一个 CMA 预留区域 }; #define to_cma_heap(x) container_of(x, struct ion_cma_heap, heap)

CMA(Contiguous Memory Allocator)是内核的连续内存分配器,在启动时通过设备树或命令行参数预留一块物理连续区域。平时这块区域可以被 buddy allocator 用于可移动页面(movable pages),需要连续分配时再迁移走。

3.2 分配算法

c
// ion_cma_heap.c:27 static int ion_cma_allocate(struct ion_heap *heap, struct ion_buffer *buffer, unsigned long len, unsigned long flags) { struct ion_cma_heap *cma_heap = to_cma_heap(heap); unsigned long size = PAGE_ALIGN(len); unsigned long nr_pages = size >> PAGE_SHIFT; unsigned long align = get_order(size); // 对齐不超过 CMA 最大对齐限制 if (align > CONFIG_CMA_ALIGNMENT) align = CONFIG_CMA_ALIGNMENT; // 从 CMA 区域分配连续物理页面 pages = cma_alloc(cma_heap->cma, nr_pages, align, false); if (!pages) return -ENOMEM; // 清零(区分 highmem/lowmem) if (PageHighMem(pages)) { // highmem: 逐页 kmap_atomic → memset → kunmap_atomic while (nr_clear_pages > 0) { void *vaddr = kmap_atomic(page); memset(vaddr, 0, PAGE_SIZE); kunmap_atomic(vaddr); page++; nr_clear_pages--; } } else { // lowmem: 直接用 page_address 获取内核虚拟地址 memset(page_address(pages), 0, size); } // sg_table 只有 1 个 entry(物理连续) sg_set_page(table->sgl, pages, size, 0); buffer->priv_virt = pages; // 保存 page 指针,释放时用 buffer->sg_table = table; }

与 System Heap 的根本差异:

System Heap 分配 3MB: sg[0]: phys 0x8000_0000, 1MB ──┐ sg[1]: phys 0x9200_0000, 1MB │ 物理上散布 sg[2]: phys 0x8500_0000, 1MB ──┘ 共 3 个 sg entries CMA Heap 分配 3MB: sg[0]: phys 0xA000_0000, 3MB ── 一整块连续 共 1 个 sg entry

3.3 清零的 highmem/lowmem 分支

这是一个值得关注的实现细节:

32-bit ARM 内存布局: ┌─────────────────┐ 高地址 │ HIGHMEM │ ← 无固定内核虚拟地址映射 │ (> 896MB) │ 必须 kmap_atomic 临时映射后才能访问 ├─────────────────┤ 896MB 边界 │ LOWMEM │ ← 有固定的内核虚拟地址映射 │ (0 ~ 896MB) │ page_address(page) 直接返回虚拟地址 └─────────────────┘ 低地址
  • lowmem 页面page_address() 直接得到内核虚拟地址,一次 memset 搞定
  • highmem 页面:必须 kmap_atomic() 建立临时映射,每次只能映射一页,所以逐页循环

在 64-bit 系统上所有物理内存都有内核直接映射,理论上不会走 highmem 分支。但代码保留了兼容性。

3.4 释放

c
// ion_cma_heap.c:83 static void ion_cma_free(struct ion_buffer *buffer) { struct ion_cma_heap *cma_heap = to_cma_heap(buffer->heap); struct page *pages = buffer->priv_virt; unsigned long nr_pages = PAGE_ALIGN(buffer->size) >> PAGE_SHIFT; cma_release(cma_heap->cma, pages, nr_pages); // 归还 CMA 区域 sg_free_table(buffer->sg_table); kfree(buffer->sg_table); }

没有 page pool,没有 deferred free,没有清零(分配时已清零)。cma_release 直接将页面归还给 CMA 管理器,buddy allocator 可以重新将其用作 movable pages。

3.5 Heap 注册:自动发现所有 CMA 区域

c
// ion_cma_heap.c:119 static int __ion_add_cma_heaps(struct cma *cma, void *data) { heap = __ion_cma_heap_create(cma); heap->name = cma_get_name(cma); // 使用 CMA 区域的名字 ion_device_add_heap(heap); return 0; } static int ion_add_cma_heaps(void) { cma_for_each_area(__ion_add_cma_heaps, NULL); // 遍历所有 CMA 区域 return 0; } device_initcall(ion_add_cma_heaps);

如果设备树中定义了多个 CMA 区域,ION 会为每个区域创建一个独立的 CMA Heap,各自有不同的 heap id 和 name:

设备树定义: reserved-memory { display_cma: cma@A0000000 { size = <0x4000000>; }; // 64MB camera_cma: cma@B0000000 { size = <0x8000000>; }; // 128MB }; ION 注册结果: heap[2]: name="display_cma" type=DMA id=2 heap[3]: name="camera_cma" type=DMA id=3

3.6 ops 对比

c
// System Heap ops static struct ion_heap_ops system_heap_ops = { .allocate = ion_system_heap_allocate, .free = ion_system_heap_free, .map_kernel = ion_heap_map_kernel, // 通用实现 .unmap_kernel = ion_heap_unmap_kernel, // 通用实现 .map_user = ion_heap_map_user, // 通用实现 .shrink = ion_system_heap_shrink, // ← 有 shrink }; // CMA Heap ops static struct ion_heap_ops ion_cma_ops = { .allocate = ion_cma_allocate, .free = ion_cma_free, .map_user = ion_heap_map_user, // 通用实现 .map_kernel = ion_heap_map_kernel, // 通用实现 .unmap_kernel = ion_heap_unmap_kernel, // 通用实现 // 没有 .shrink — CMA 无缓存可回收 };

两者共用 ion_heap_map_kernelion_heap_unmap_kernelion_heap_map_user 这三个通用实现(定义在 ion_heap.c),因为这些操作只依赖 buffer->sg_table,不关心底层页面是怎么分配的。


4. 完整对比

维度System HeapCMA Heap
类型枚举ION_HEAP_TYPE_SYSTEM (0)ION_HEAP_TYPE_DMA (4)
内存来源buddy allocator(全系统内存)CMA 预留区
物理连续不保证(scatter-gather)保证
sg entries多个(不同 order 的页面)1 个
分配策略多阶贪心 (order 8→4→0)cma_alloc 一次性
GFP 策略高阶快速失败 + 低阶兜底不适用(CMA 自己管理)
Page Pool有(3 个 pool,按 order)
Deferred Free有(SCHED_IDLE kthread)
Shrinker有(freelist + pool 可回收)无(无缓存可回收)
释放前清零是(ion_heap_buffer_zero)否(分配时已清零)
分配时清零是(GFP_ZERO)是(手动 memset)
安全检查size ≤ totalram/2无(受限于 CMA 区域大小)
大 buffer 成功率高(不要求连续)取决于 CMA 区域碎片状态
分配速度快(pool 命中时 O(1))慢(CMA 可能需要迁移页面)
适用设备支持 SG-DMA 的设备不支持 SG-DMA 的设备
heap 数量固定 1 个每个 CMA 区域 1 个
代码行数282 行(含 Contig Heap)138 行

5. 示例程序

以下用户态 C 程序模拟 System Heap 的多阶贪心分配算法和 Page Pool 缓存机制,帮助理解其核心设计而无需内核环境。

保存为 ion_heap_sim.c

c
/* * ION System Heap 与 CMA Heap 分配策略用户态模拟 * * 模拟内容: * 1. System Heap 的多阶贪心分配 (order 8/4/0) * 2. Page Pool 的缓存命中 / 未命中 * 3. CMA Heap 的连续分配 * 4. 两者的 sg_table 结构对比 * * 编译: gcc -o ion_heap_sim ion_heap_sim.c -Wall * 运行: ./ion_heap_sim */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #define PAGE_SIZE 4096 #define ORDER_8_SIZE (256 * PAGE_SIZE) /* 1MB */ #define ORDER_4_SIZE (16 * PAGE_SIZE) /* 64KB */ #define ORDER_0_SIZE (1 * PAGE_SIZE) /* 4KB */ #define MAX_SG_ENTRIES 256 #define POOL_CAPACITY 8 /* 每个 pool 最多缓存 8 个 */ /* --- 模拟 Page Pool --- */ typedef struct { int order; int count; int capacity; int alloc_from_pool; /* 统计:从 pool 命中的次数 */ int alloc_from_buddy; /* 统计:从 buddy 分配的次数 */ } PagePool; static PagePool pools[3]; /* order 8, 4, 0 */ static void pool_init(PagePool *p, int order) { p->order = order; p->count = 0; p->capacity = POOL_CAPACITY; p->alloc_from_pool = 0; p->alloc_from_buddy = 0; } static int pool_alloc(PagePool *p) { if (p->count > 0) { p->count--; p->alloc_from_pool++; return 1; /* pool 命中 */ } p->alloc_from_buddy++; return 1; /* 模拟 buddy 分配成功 */ } static void pool_free(PagePool *p) { if (p->count < p->capacity) { p->count++; /* 放回 pool */ } /* 超出容量则丢弃(模拟 __free_pages) */ } /* --- 模拟 sg_table entry --- */ typedef struct { unsigned long size; int order; } SgEntry; /* --- System Heap 模拟 --- */ static int system_heap_allocate(unsigned long req_size, SgEntry *sg, int *sg_count) { static const unsigned int orders[] = {8, 4, 0}; static const unsigned long order_sizes[] = { ORDER_8_SIZE, ORDER_4_SIZE, ORDER_0_SIZE }; unsigned long size_remaining = req_size; unsigned int max_order = orders[0]; int count = 0; /* 安全检查 */ unsigned long total_ram_sim = 4UL * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; /* 模拟 4GB */ if (req_size > total_ram_sim / 2) { printf(" [REJECTED] size %lu > totalram/2 (%lu)\n", req_size, total_ram_sim / 2); return -1; } printf(" System Heap: allocating %lu bytes (%.2f MB)\n", req_size, (double)req_size / (1024 * 1024)); while (size_remaining > 0 && count < MAX_SG_ENTRIES) { int allocated = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { if (size_remaining < order_sizes[i]) continue; if (max_order < orders[i]) continue; /* 尝试从对应 pool 分配 */ pool_alloc(&pools[i]); sg[count].size = order_sizes[i]; sg[count].order = orders[i]; count++; size_remaining -= order_sizes[i]; max_order = orders[i]; /* 降序约束 */ allocated = 1; break; } if (!allocated) { printf(" [ERROR] Cannot allocate remaining %lu bytes\n", size_remaining); return -1; } } *sg_count = count; return 0; } /* --- CMA Heap 模拟 --- */ static int cma_heap_allocate(unsigned long req_size, SgEntry *sg, int *sg_count) { printf(" CMA Heap: allocating %lu bytes (%.2f MB) contiguous\n", req_size, (double)req_size / (1024 * 1024)); /* CMA: 一次性分配,物理连续,1 个 sg entry */ sg[0].size = req_size; sg[0].order = -1; /* 不适用 */ *sg_count = 1; printf(" CMA: cma_alloc(%lu pages, align=%d)\n", req_size / PAGE_SIZE, /* get_order 模拟 */ 0); return 0; } /* --- 打印 sg_table --- */ static void print_sg_table(SgEntry *sg, int count, const char *label) { unsigned long total = 0; printf("\n %s sg_table (%d entries):\n", label, count); printf(" %-8s %-12s %-8s\n", "entry", "size", "order"); printf(" %-8s %-12s %-8s\n", "-----", "----", "-----"); for (int i = 0; i < count && i < 20; i++) { if (sg[i].order >= 0) printf(" sg[%-3d] %-12lu order=%d\n", i, sg[i].size, sg[i].order); else printf(" sg[%-3d] %-12lu (contiguous)\n", i, sg[i].size); total += sg[i].size; } if (count > 20) printf(" ... (%d more entries)\n", count - 20); printf(" Total: %lu bytes (%.2f MB)\n", total, (double)total / (1024 * 1024)); } /* --- 模拟释放 --- */ static void system_heap_free(SgEntry *sg, int count, int shrinker_free) { printf("\n System Heap free (%s):\n", shrinker_free ? "shrinker path" : "normal path"); if (!shrinker_free) printf(" → ion_heap_buffer_zero() (清零 buffer)\n"); for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { int order = sg[i].order; int pool_idx = (order == 8) ? 0 : (order == 4) ? 1 : 2; if (shrinker_free) { printf(" sg[%d]: __free_pages(order=%d) → 归还系统\n", i, order); } else { pool_free(&pools[pool_idx]); printf(" sg[%d]: pool_free(order=%d) → 放回 pool " "(pool count=%d)\n", i, order, pools[pool_idx].count); } } } /* --- 打印 pool 统计 --- */ static void print_pool_stats(void) { printf("\n Page Pool Statistics:\n"); printf(" %-10s %-8s %-14s %-14s\n", "order", "cached", "from_pool", "from_buddy"); printf(" %-10s %-8s %-14s %-14s\n", "-----", "------", "---------", "----------"); for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { int order = (i == 0) ? 8 : (i == 1) ? 4 : 0; printf(" order=%-3d %-8d %-14d %-14d\n", order, pools[i].count, pools[i].alloc_from_pool, pools[i].alloc_from_buddy); } } int main(void) { SgEntry sg[MAX_SG_ENTRIES]; int sg_count; /* 初始化 pools */ pool_init(&pools[0], 8); pool_init(&pools[1], 4); pool_init(&pools[2], 0); printf("====================================\n"); printf("ION Heap Allocation Simulator\n"); printf("====================================\n"); /* --- 场景 1: System Heap 分配 3.1MB --- */ printf("\n[Scenario 1] System Heap allocate 3.1MB\n"); if (system_heap_allocate(3 * 1024 * 1024 + 100 * 1024, sg, &sg_count) == 0) { print_sg_table(sg, sg_count, "System Heap"); /* 释放 (正常路径 → 放回 pool) */ system_heap_free(sg, sg_count, 0); } print_pool_stats(); /* --- 场景 2: 再次分配 → pool 命中 --- */ printf("\n[Scenario 2] System Heap allocate 2MB (should hit pool)\n"); if (system_heap_allocate(2 * 1024 * 1024, sg, &sg_count) == 0) { print_sg_table(sg, sg_count, "System Heap"); } print_pool_stats(); /* --- 场景 3: CMA Heap 分配同样大小 --- */ printf("\n[Scenario 3] CMA Heap allocate 3.1MB (contiguous)\n"); if (cma_heap_allocate(3 * 1024 * 1024 + 100 * 1024, sg, &sg_count) == 0) { print_sg_table(sg, sg_count, "CMA Heap"); } /* --- 场景 4: Shrinker 释放 --- */ printf("\n[Scenario 4] System Heap free via shrinker\n"); SgEntry shrink_sg[2] = {{ORDER_8_SIZE, 8}, {ORDER_4_SIZE, 4}}; system_heap_free(shrink_sg, 2, 1); printf("\n====================================\n"); printf("Simulation Complete\n"); printf("====================================\n"); return 0; }

编译和运行:

bash
$ gcc -o ion_heap_sim ion_heap_sim.c -Wall $ ./ion_heap_sim

预期输出:

==================================== ION Heap Allocation Simulator ==================================== [Scenario 1] System Heap allocate 3.1MB System Heap: allocating 3272704 bytes (3.12 MB) System Heap sg_table (13 entries): entry size order ----- ---- ----- sg[0 ] 1048576 order=8 sg[1 ] 1048576 order=8 sg[2 ] 1048576 order=8 sg[3 ] 65536 order=4 sg[4 ] 4096 order=0 sg[5 ] 4096 order=0 sg[6 ] 4096 order=0 sg[7 ] 4096 order=0 sg[8 ] 4096 order=0 sg[9 ] 4096 order=0 sg[10 ] 4096 order=0 sg[11 ] 4096 order=0 sg[12 ] 4096 order=0 Total: 3272704 bytes (3.12 MB) System Heap free (normal path): → ion_heap_buffer_zero() (清零 buffer) sg[0]: pool_free(order=8) → 放回 pool (pool count=1) sg[1]: pool_free(order=8) → 放回 pool (pool count=2) sg[2]: pool_free(order=8) → 放回 pool (pool count=3) sg[3]: pool_free(order=4) → 放回 pool (pool count=1) sg[4]: pool_free(order=0) → 放回 pool (pool count=1) sg[5]: pool_free(order=0) → 放回 pool (pool count=2) sg[6]: pool_free(order=0) → 放回 pool (pool count=3) sg[7]: pool_free(order=0) → 放回 pool (pool count=4) sg[8]: pool_free(order=0) → 放回 pool (pool count=5) sg[9]: pool_free(order=0) → 放回 pool (pool count=6) sg[10]: pool_free(order=0) → 放回 pool (pool count=7) sg[11]: pool_free(order=0) → 放回 pool (pool count=8) sg[12]: pool_free(order=0) → 放回 pool (pool count=8) Page Pool Statistics: order cached from_pool from_buddy ----- ------ --------- ---------- order=8 3 0 3 order=4 1 0 1 order=0 8 0 9 [Scenario 2] System Heap allocate 2MB (should hit pool) System Heap: allocating 2097152 bytes (2.00 MB) System Heap sg_table (2 entries): entry size order ----- ---- ----- sg[0 ] 1048576 order=8 sg[1 ] 1048576 order=8 Total: 2097152 bytes (2.00 MB) Page Pool Statistics: order cached from_pool from_buddy ----- ------ --------- ---------- order=8 1 2 3 order=4 1 0 1 order=0 8 0 9 [Scenario 3] CMA Heap allocate 3.1MB (contiguous) CMA Heap: allocating 3272704 bytes (3.12 MB) contiguous CMA: cma_alloc(799 pages, align=0) CMA Heap sg_table (1 entries): entry size order ----- ---- ----- sg[0 ] 3272704 (contiguous) Total: 3272704 bytes (3.12 MB) [Scenario 4] System Heap free via shrinker System Heap free (shrinker path): sg[0]: __free_pages(order=8) → 归还系统 sg[1]: __free_pages(order=4) → 归还系统 ==================================== Simulation Complete ====================================

关键观察点:

  • 场景 1→2:第一次分配 3 个 order=8 页面全部走 buddy(from_buddy=3),释放后放回 pool(cached=3)。第二次分配 2MB 时两个 order=8 直接从 pool 命中(from_pool=2),pool 降到 1
  • 场景 3:CMA Heap 同样的 3.1MB 只产生 1 个 sg entry(连续),而 System Heap 产生了 13 个
  • 场景 4:shrinker 路径直接 __free_pages 归还系统,不经过 pool

总结

  • System Heap 是 Android 上最常用的 ION 堆,使用多阶贪心算法(order 8→4→0)从 buddy allocator 分配散布的物理页面,通过 sg_table 描述,适合支持 scatter-gather DMA 的设备
  • CMA Heap 从预留的 CMA 区域分配物理连续内存,sg_table 只有 1 个 entry,适合不支持 SG-DMA 的简单设备,但分配速度慢且受限于预留区大小
  • Page Pool 是 System Heap 的性能核心,每个 order 维护独立缓存池,释放的页面放回 pool 而非还给系统,下次分配 O(1) 命中,避免反复进出 buddy allocator
  • GFP 标志分层策略是 System Heap 可靠性的关键:高阶分配快速失败不等待(__GFP_NORETRY & ~__GFP_RECLAIM),低阶 4KB 允许内存回收以保证兜底成功
  • Deferred Free 和 Shrinker 只存在于 System Heap,CMA Heap 无缓存,无需这些机制
  • ION_PRIV_FLAG_SHRINKER_FREE 区分两条释放路径:正常释放放回 pool 加速复用,shrinker 释放跳过 pool 直接归还系统,保证内存压力时真正回收物理页面
  • 两者共用 map_kernel/map_user 通用实现,因为映射操作只依赖 sg_table,不关心底层页面来源,体现了 ION 分层解耦的设计
  • System Contig Heap 是 System Heap 的简化变体,保证物理连续但无 pool/deferred-free/shrinker,用于简单场景

参考资料

  • Linux Kernel v5.4.123 源码
    • drivers/staging/android/ion/ion_system_heap.c (377 行)
    • drivers/staging/android/ion/ion_cma_heap.c (138 行)
    • drivers/staging/android/ion/ion_page_pool.c (155 行)
    • drivers/staging/android/ion/ion_heap.c (315 行)
  • Linux CMA 文档:Documentation/admin-guide/cma.rst
  • Linux Buddy Allocator:mm/page_alloc.c
  • GFP 标志参考:include/linux/gfp.h